Research and development of chitin history

As early as 400 years ago, "Compendium of Materia Medica" shell crabs out of the application of records, this is the first application of chitin record.
1811, the French Professor H. Braconnot first isolated from chitin, he used the hot dilute alkali treatment mushrooms, get some of the fibrous residue, he thought it was cellulose, and named Fungine, meaning fungus fiber Su. 12 after that is 1823, another French scientist A. Odier the winged insects from the sheath isolated from the same material, named as Chitin, that is, armor, the meaning of the envelope.

1859 French C. Rouget first isolated from chitosan, named Chitosan. From chitin found after a half-century, the chitin of the slow progress. In the second half of the 20th century, with the cellulose, protein and carbohydrate chitin and other biological macromolecules, such as research, the birth and development of organic chemistry. Chitin research focus from Europe to Japan. 1977 in the United Kingdom, Professor Muzzarelli initiated and chaired the first session of the International Conference on chitin and chitosan, held every two years after the first. In 1991 the meeting, the United States, Europe, the medical technology sector, the nutrition research institutions to as "the sixth element." China in 1952 began to study. In the 1990s during the heyday of the study. 1997, to include research and development of national research programmes CST on September 5, the attribution of 863 plans. 2000 chitooligosaccharides before and after the enzymatic production methods have been overcome. Second, the concept of chitin and its derivatives chitin is composed of acetyl glucosamine xylanase. Chitosan is through strong base of chitin enzyme hydrolysis or after taking off part of acetyl derivatives, Glucosamine is the xylanase. Chitooligosaccharides is chitosan degradation of the derivatives, from 20 now to the following composition of the glucose-called chitosan oligosaccharide chitooligosaccharides. Acetaminophen is not glucose or glucose-glucose, the body will not change for the glucose, therefore there will be no adverse impact on blood sugar. The chitin-deacetylation be dealt with chitosan, and then after further degradation, have become chitooligosaccharides. Chitin is the first practical application of the product, but also in Japan, was first approved by the "functional food." However, chitin does not dissolve in water, alkali, the general acid and organic solvents, dissolved only part of concentrated acid, is relying on the human gastrointestinal tract in the chitin enzyme, lysozyme, such as the role of a small number of decomposition, so the low absorption rate, Use of large, the response is also taking up to 70% percent. For chemical treatment of chitin, which take off the acetyl-on into a chitosan, Chitosan can be dissolved in acid than chitin into a step forward. However, chitin and chitosan are macromolecules, in the molecular weight of hundreds of thousands to several million, are not soluble in water. Chitosan for the degradation of small molecules that chitooligosaccharides. Chitooligosaccharides can dissolve in water, absorption rate has increased considerably, and the use of reaction after taking greatly reduced. Chitooligosaccharides with high solubility, it can easily be absorbed by, a high molecular weight is better than many of the functions of chitosan, is the domestic and international research and development of key areas. Third, sugar complex chitin type substances, including human, animal joints, the hard part of foot, and animal bone, muscle and there are others in our bodies to have a large class of Glucosamine is important Composition of the sugar complex, which is glycoprotein, protein and polysaccharide glycolipids. Protein is the embodiment of life, no protein would be no life. The people there are over 100 kinds of plasma protein, which is no less than 80 kinds of sugar. Why these proteins must be linked with sugar » Sugar linked glycoprotein ensure the hydrophilic, is to ensure that these proteins can dissolve in water. If we are in the majority of protein coagulation, but also a life? » So experts believe that this is the prerequisite for life. Moreover, the sugar chain to protect the stability of protein structure and reduce its damage. Sugar chain is another major function as a signal molecule. All life is, in fact all of the body cells to extracellular information transduction, and eventually the cells produce specific effects of signal transduction and regulatory process. We are now in an information society and the importance of information we have the experience, if not the Internet, television, newspaper, telephone, our society will become like what » It was very scary. We humans are a small community, the internal body tissues, organs and systems of coordination, harmonization and the external environment, from both internal and external information to make timely and accurate responses to the communication of information is necessary prerequisite. Access to information on the membrane structures called "receptor", Ⅱ why the incidence of type 2 diabetes is a problem with insulin receptors. Most of the glycoprotein receptor, which plays a chain of sugar and receive information to identify the role, is also known as "elements radar" or "cell antenna." Of poly (more) Sugar physiological role: of decorin a cell of the matrix, including hyaluronic acid, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, the matrix of components and functions play an important role. Chondroitin sulfate cartilage to maintain the normal performance of the collagen fibers between the cornea is full of chondroitin sulfate, the transparent cornea. Cells are living in the matrix. Cells are islands, is the matrix Ocean. Matrix is the normal function of cells play an important role. As chitin type substances in the importance of nutrition, 1991 in Europe and the United States in international academic meeting was scheduled for the following protein, sugar, fat, vitamins, trace elements after the sixth element of life.